1. Describe the synthesis/release of ADH

2. Describe the various ways water is lost by the body

3. Describe the mechanisms for water gain

4. Explain the role of ADH in water conservation

5. Describe the stimuli for ADH release

6. Describe the mechanism of action for ADH to increase water reabsorption

7. Explain the counter-current system and how it sets up osmolar gradients in the kidney

8. Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

9. Explain the role of aldosterone in sodium and/or potassium balance

10. Describe the stimuli for renin release

11. Describe the synthesis/release of aldosterone

12. Explain the effects of angiotensin II on blood pressure

13. Describe the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on sodium and water balance

14. Describe the relationship between regulating blood volume and blood pressure

15. Explain the necessity to maintain normal electrolyte balance

16. Describe the effects of severe dehydration on the body

17. Explain the redundancy in the control of fluids and electrolytes

1. Define pH. Define neutral, acidic, and basic (alkaline) solutions.

2. What is the normal pH of blood?

3. Define acidosis and alkalosis. Compare metabolic and respiratory components of each.

4. Describe the various sources of acids and bases

5. Describe the buffers as a first line of defense against acid-base disturbances

6. How does the respiratory system compensate for a metabolic disturbance in acid-base balance?

7. How does the body compensate for a respiratory disturbance in acid-base balance?

8. Describe the renal handling of H⁺ and HCO₃^-