1. Define energy

2. Compare kinetic energy and potential energy

3. Define work

4. Compare chemical, transport, and mechanical work

5. Discuss the first 2 law of thermodynamics and how they relate to physiology

6. Explain the function of energy in chemical reactions

7. Define the activation energy and its role in chemical reactions

8. Define endergonic and exergonic reactions

9. What makes a reaction reversible?

10. Define chemical equilibrium

11. Describe the concept of coupling

12. Define enzymes and describe their ability to catalyze chemical reactions

13. Describe the role of cofactors in enzyme catalyzed reactions

a. Describe the general function of coenzymes

b. Describe the specific function of the 3 coenzymes presented in notes

14. Describe the regulation of enzyme-mediated reactions

a. Acidity and temperature

b. Competitive inhibitors

c. Enzyme activity

1. Allosteric modulation

2. Covalent modulation

d. Enzyme concentration

e. Substrate concentration

15. Explain how the Law of Mass Action influences the direction of a chemical reaction

16. Describe the main types of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

a. Oxidation/Reduction

b. Hydrolysis/Dehydration

c. Transfer of chemical group

17. Define metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism

18. Define metabolic pathways and the role of enzymes in these pathways

19. Define the rate-limiting step of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

20. Define end-product inhibition

21. Describe the different ways of regulating metabolic pathways

22. Define ATP and describe its synthesis and breakdown

23. Explain how ATP functions as the energy currency of cells

24. Compare and contrast substrate phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

25. Describe glycolysis and compare aerobic to anaerobic conditions

26. Describe the production of reduced NAD and FAD and how they can lead to ATP synthesis

27. Describe the chemiosmotic theory of oxidative phosphorylation

28. Compare the generation of energy from carbohydrate, lipid, and protein catabolism

29. What are the storage forms of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids?

30. Define gluconeogenesis

31. Explain how lipids can be synthesized from carbohydrates or proteins

32. Describe protein synthesis

a. Transcription

b. Translation