Multiple Choice: Questions 1-35 must be answered on the computer form to receive credit. Each question is worth 2 points. For an answer to be true, all aspects must be true.

1. The reflex that complements a withdrawal reflex by making compensatory adjustments on the opposite side of the body receiving the stimulus is the
a) stretch reflex.
b) tendon reflex.
c) flexor reflex.
d) crossed extensor reflex.
e) reciprocal reflex.

2. Voluntary control of fine discrete movements of the body is mediated through
a) the dorsal column pathway
b) the multineuronal pathway.
c) the corticospinal tract.
d) the spinothalamic tract

3. Arteries always
a) carry blood away from the heart.
b) carry blood to the heart.
c) carry oxygenated blood.
d) A and C.
e) B and C

4. Valves are found
a) in the heart
b) in the arteries
c) in the veins
d) A and C
e) All of the above

5. Place these structures in the order that blood returning to the heart from the body would pass through them.
     1. right ventricle
     2. left atrium
     3. right atrium
     4. pulmonary artery
     5. left ventricle
     6. aorta
a) 2-5-4-3-1-6
b) 2-5-6-4-3-1
c) 3-1-4-2-5-6
d) 1-3-6-4-5-2
e) 3-2-6-1-5-4

6. Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except one. Identify the exception.
a) increased blood volume
b) decreased vessel diameter
c) increased blood pressure
d) decreased peripheral resistance
e) relaxation of precapillary sphincters

7. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system will
a) stimulate a stronger contraction from cardiac muscle cells.
b) shorten the duration of the cardiac contraction.
c) increase the rate of relaxation of cardiac muscle cells.
d) A and C
e) All of the above

8. The rapid depolarization phase (Phase 0) of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is due to movement of which ion(s)?
a) Ca
b) K
c) Na
d) A and B
e) A and C

9. A typical action potential of a myocardial contractile cell lasts _________ millisecond(s).
a) less than 1
b) 1 - 5
c) 50 - 100
d) 200 - 300
e) at least 500

10. The AV node is important because it __________.
a) directs electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles
b) serves as the pacemaker in a healthy heart
c) delays the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting
d) A and C
e) All of the above

11. Which event happens first?
a) Blood is ejected from the atrium.
b) The SA node fires.
c) The P wave develops.
d) Ventricular systole occurs.
e) Atrial systole occurs.

12. The first heart sound is heard when
a) the AV valves open.
b) the AV valves close.
c) the semilunar valves open.
d) the semilunar valves close.

13. During the isovolumetric phase of ventricular systole,
a) the atria are contracting.
b) the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.
c) blood is ejected into the great vessels.
d) the ventricles are relaxing.
e) the ventricles are filling with blood.

14. The term used to describe the amount of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction is
a) cardiac output.
b) heart rate.
c) end diastolic volume.
d) stroke volume.
e) end systolic volume.

15. The force of contraction of the cardiac muscle is affected by
a) the length of the muscle fiber at the beginning of contraction.
b) the contractility of the heart.
c) the end diastolic volume.
d) the venous return.
e) All of the above

16. A certain drug decreases heart rate by producing hyperpolarization of the pacemaker cells of the heart. This drug probably binds to
a) nicotinic receptors.
b) muscarinic receptors.
c) alpha adrenergic receptors.
d) beta adrenergic receptors.

17. At an intercalated disc
a) the cell membranes of two cardiac muscle fibers are held together by desmosomes to protect against mechanical stress.
b) t-tubules from two cardiac muscle cells connect the membranes of the adjoining cells.
c) two cardiac muscle cells are connected by gap junctions.
d) A and C
e) All of the above

18. As a result of the long refractory period, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit
a) tonus.
b) treppe.
c) tetanus.
d) recruitment.
e) fatigue.

19. Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the
a) level of oxygen at the tissue increases.
b) level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases.
c) pH rises.
d) vessel constricts.
e) All of the above

20. Reactive hyperemia refers to
a) lack of blood flow due to an allergic reaction
b) increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow
c) increased blood pressure after stress
d) reflex contraction of smooth muscle in response to stress

21. In order to cause vasodilation of MOST vascular smooth muscle,
a) acetylcholine combines with nicotinic receptors
b) acetylcholine combines with muscarinic receptors
c) norepinephrine combines with alpha receptors
d) norepinephrine combines with beta1 receptors
e) sympathetic stimulation is removed

22. Compared to arteries, the velocity of blood flow through the capillaries is
a) at least 10 times faster
b) at least twice as fast
c) about the same
d) much slower
e) impossible to predict without more information

23. Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major functions of the _________ system.
a) urinary
b) thirst quenching
c) lymphatic
d) immune
e) digestive

24. The integrating center for neural control of blood pressure resides in the
a) cerebrum
b) cerebellum
c) medulla
d) pons
e) hypothalamus

25. When the baroreceptor reflex is triggered by an increase in blood pressure,
a) sympathetic activity increases.
b) peripheral resistance decreases.
c) cardiac output increases.
d) A and C
e) All of the above

26. Of the plasma proteins, which are found in the highest concentration in normal blood?
a) globulins
b) albumins
c) fibrinogens
d) hemoglobin
e) there are equal amounts of all these proteins

27. Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone ________ secreted from the _________.
a) thymosin / bone marrow
b) erythropoietin / bone marrow
c) erythropoietin / kidney
d) angiotensin I / spleen
e) antiogensin I / kidney

28. Under normal circumstances, aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by the __________.
a) spleen
b) liver
c) kidneys
d) bone marrow
e) gastrointestinal tract

29. Which of the following situations could result in anemia?
a) hemorrhage
b) dietary deficiency of iron
c) lack of vitamin B₁₂ in the diet
d) disease of the bone marrow
e) all of the above

30. Tom suffers from a severe liver disease. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to see as a result of this condition?
a) decreased clotting ability
b) decreased blood osmotic pressure
c) increased levels of bilirubin in the blood
d) accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces of the extremities
e) all of the above

31. Paul was in a car accident that severed the corticospinal tract on the RIGHT side of his spinal cord above the level of output to his legs. Which of the following statements is true?
a) Changes in motor function will occur in the left leg.
b) Paul will lose reflexive movements of one leg.
c) Paul will lose voluntary control over one leg.
d) A and C
e) All of the above

32. Which of the following areas of the circulation has the greatest blood pressure?
a) Pulmonary artery
b) Aorta
c) Pulmonary veins
d) Systemic veins
e) None of the above. Pressure is equal across the entire circulatory system.

33. Alpha adrenergic receptors are found in the
a) SA node
b) ventricle contractile cells
c) smooth muscle of arterioles to the gastrointestinal tract
d) A and C
e) All of the above

34. Which of the following statements is true about circulation to the brain?
a) The smooth muscle of arterioles in the brain are not affected by epinephrine or norepinephrine.
b) Capillaries in the brain are fenestrated.
c) During exercise, blood flow to the brain increases approximately 5 times.
d) A and C
e) All of the above

35. Thrombin
a) converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
b) stimulates platelet aggregation.
c) is necessary to convert loose fibrin to a stable fibrin meshwork.
d) A and C
e) All of the above

 

          Short Answer. Print answers to questions 36-46 directly on the exam as indicated.

a) somatic reflexes          e) innate reflexes
b) autonomic reflexes          f) acquired reflexes
c) spinal reflexes                   g) polysynaptic reflexes
d) cranial reflexes

__________ Integrated in the brain

__________ Reflexes that one is born with; genetically determined

__________ Integrated in the spinal cord, often modulated by the brain

__________ An example would be the baroreceptor reflex

 

37. (3 points) Match the name of the ECG wave or segment with what it represents using the key below. Pay attention to electrical vs. mechanical events. Put your answer in the blank in front of the description. There is only one answer per blank.

a) P wave                d) PR segment
b) QRS complex       e) ST segment
c) T wave

__________ atrial contraction

__________ ventricular repolarization

__________ ventricular depolarization

38. (3 points) Match the following terms with the correct descriptions. Put your answer in the blank in front of the description. There is only one answer per blank.

a) lymphocytes          d) platelets
b) erythrocytes          e) neutrophils
c) eosinophils

__________ These are actually fragments of a megakaryocyte.

__________ Phagocytic, these cells make up the majority of WBCs.

__________ A type of granulocyte, these have red granules.

 

39. (2 points) Fill in the blanks.

Motor neurons that innervate the normal contractile fibers of the muscle are the
______________________________ motor neurons.

The smaller motor neurons associated with specialized muscle fibers of the muscle spindle are referred to as _____________________________________ motor neurons.

 

40. (4 points) Fill in the blanks and circle the correct word in brackets.

A decrease in blood vessel diameter is known as _____________________________ and can be caused by an [increase or decrease] in sympathetic activity.

An increase in blood vessel diameter is known as ____________________________ and can be caused by an [increase or decrease] in pH.

 

41. (2 points) Fill in the blanks with the correct word.

Endothelial cells of healthy blood vessels produce ___________________________________ to prevent spread of a platelet plug.

 

Dissolving a blood clot is carried out by ___________________________________.

 

42. (3 points) Answer the following questions.

When John Smith went to the doctor, he was told his blood pressure was 170/65 mmHg and his resting heart rate was 120 beats per minute.

What is John’s mean arterial pressure? _________________

What is John’s systolic blood pressure? ________________

Circle the correct answer in []. John’s heart rate is indicative of a condition called

[heart block or tachycardia or bradycardia].

 

43. (3 points) Name 3 things that facilitate venous return.

 

 

 

44. (2 points) Name 2 secretory products of platelets and state their function.