What The Research Says About Frames

College

• Dreher & Singer (1980)
  
• Vaughn (1984)
  
• Recall of specific-level information increased

High School

• Vaughn (1984)
  
• Recall of super- and subordinate increased, but not specific-level

Middle School

• Dreher & Singer (1980)
  
• Use of frame type 1 promoted story frame knowledge
  
• Vaughn (1984)
  
• Immediate and delayed recall improved, but no superordinate level

Elementary School

• Frames type 1 help students learn to write stories
  
• Armbruster, Anderson, and Ostertag (1987)
  
• Training in frames, type 1 creation may increase student scores on essay tests, but not short answer
  
• Improved focus, organization, integration of ideas, a support for ideas